History of USA In Urdu
Discovery, Settlements and Independence:
This roughly two and a half centuries
old nation got independence from Great Britain on July 4, 1776 and
emerged as superpower in the world after the tragic downfall of Russia
at the hands of Afghan fighters. However, in one way or the other, cold
war still continues between the two most influential countries of the
world which often seem to be in an open row over the international
affairs. Concerning the Europeans’ arrival in the United States (also
known as the US, the USA, the United States of America, America, or
simply, the States), it was discovered in 1492 by Christopher Columbus,
who was an Italian navigator, explorer and colonizer. As the four cross
Atlantic voyages of Columbus were sponsored and patronized by the
Spanish Catholic Monarchs, his discovery of the New World and the
establishment of permanent settlements on the island of Hispaniola
initiated the colonization of the land by Spain. Similarly, the English,
French and other European colonizers started inhabiting various island
archipelagos and mainland areas of new land with promising prospects.
Here it is worth mentioning that the lands of northern and southern
Americas were first ever inhabited by the Asians, approximately 13,000
years ago or earlier than that.
Recognition and Constitution:
Though the Americans declared their
independence as early as 1776, the American Revolutionary War, fought
between Great Britain and the United States and her allies, continued
till 1783 when the latter was officially recognized by the former
through the Treaty of Paris. Likewise, the other combatant nations like
the Dutch Republic, Spain and France recognized the independence of the
country through the agreements of the Peace of Paris in the same year.
However, the constitution of the country could not be adopted till
September 17, 1787, which was later on ratified by the conventions of
eleven states in 1788, and it ultimately went into effect on March 4,
1789. Till this time, the system of the government was run by the
Articles of Confederation which went into effect in 1777 and were
replaced by the United States Constitution after about eleven years.
American Civil War and Reconstruction:
Immediately after securing independence
from the European rulers, the juvenile nation encountered an intense
internal issue of slavery. The states that were initially entering the
Union were alternatively free and the slave states. As a consequence of
mutual tension between the states, there broke out a civil war in the
country in 1860, which became gradually widespread. They had
contradiction over their representativeness in the Senate and the House
of Representatives and were confronting over the issues of slavery,
whether it should be expanded or restricted. On the other hand, the US
federal government was against the formation of the Confederate States
of America and armed forces were called for intervention. In this
deadliest ever conflict of the American History, well over half a
million citizens had to do away with their lives.
After five years of deadly fighting, the
Union emerged as victorious in 1865 and three amendments were made in
the constitution which prohibited slavery and allowed the four million
African slaves to become proper US citizens and attain the right to
vote. Though these events marked the onset of Reconstruction Era, the
social abuses like racial segregation and vigilante violence couldn’t be
uprooted completely. For the thorough elimination of these destructive
and anti-social practices, the patriotic leaders ran various movements
at the national level and established peace in the society.
World Wars and the Great Depression:
The history has also witnessed the
active participation of America in the two world wars, the World War I
and the World War II, fought between 1914 to 1918 and 1939 to 1944,
respectively. In the first of these wars, the US joined the allied
forces against the Central Powers in 1917. After the end of this war,
the following decade of 1920 witnessed widespread growth and national
prosperity. However, with the end of the Roaring Twenties, there ensued
the decade of the Great Depression in 1930s. The victory of the US and
its allies in the Second World War, paved the way for the country for
direct interference in the international politics. In this post war era,
there was also witnessed profound industrial growth and mega scale
technological revolution. In her struggle to become super power in the
world, the country finally achieved the set goal in the last decade of
20th century with the ultimate defeat of the ex-superpower, Russia.
Painful Facts about the US:
America always claims to be the sole
defender and propagator of human rights in the global scenario, but many
bitter facts reveal that she is only concerned with her interests and
inflicts brutality on the humanity in general for the ultimate
fulfillment of these motives. Ernest Hemingway, a Nobel Prize winning
American author and journalist, was severely mentally disturbed by his
country’s offensive against humanity in the world wars. Here follows a
brief description of some of these painstaking truths about the
superpower of the world:
Japan versus the US:
It is a sad and painful fact about this
North American nation that throughout its two and a half centuries old
history, there didn’t come a single year, month or even a day when the
armed forces weren’t found fighting with one or the other nation of the
world. During this bloody tenure, often there have been committed war
crimes against the innocent humanity, such as the nuclear attack on the
Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II.
Attitude towards Pakistan:
The American government often committed
betrayal with its sincere, close and long term allies, like Pakistan.
Pakistan’s active participation in American war against terror has
ruined the economy of this prosperous South Asian nation. Along with the
loss of the millions of innocent lives, the peace has utterly been
destroyed as foreign funded anti-state elements have established sound
foundations. Besides utterly violating the laws and sovereignty of her
faithful friend, the US has often directly attacked the Pakistani troops
who were already defending the American interests.
Reality of Iraq Invasion:
Blaming the presence of nuclear warheads
in Iraq, the power-addicted nation went against the international laws
and resolutions of the United Nations and waged war without any
logically justifiable grounds. The only consequence was the utter
devastation of the landscape and peaceful life of the Middle Eastern
country, and no evidence of the nuclear weapons could ever be traced.
Like Pakistan, the Iraqi American backed government has inspired
anti-state elements which are always struggling to destroy the inside
peace and security.
Outcome of War against Afghanistan:
In the bloody United States history, the
next chapter is that of invasion of Afghanistan, which also marked the
violation of international laws and turning a deaf ear to the
peacemaking efforts of the global community. After 14 years of
continuous US war in Afghanistan, the result is that not only the germ
of terrorism has deeply penetrated the region, but also the former is
willing to accept the defeat and go back.
